NFPA 72 2016 Chapter 26 Changes

NFPA 72 2016 Chapter 26 - Supervising Station Alarm Systems

The following information contains the changes, updates and additions to Supervising Station Alarm Systems found in Chapter 26 of the NFPA 72 2016 edition.  Remember if you see a * make sure to consult the Annex A for additional information.

All information highlighted in this light blue color is NEW to the 2016 edition of NFPA 72.

• 26.2.1.1 Alarms signals initiating by manual fire alarm boxes, automatic fire detectors, waterflow from the automatic sprinkler system, or actuation of other fire suppression system(s) or equipment shall be treated as fire alarm signals.
• 26.2.1.2* Except as permitted by 26.2.2 and 29.7.9.2, all fire alarm signals received by a supervising station shall be immediately re-transmitted to the communications center.
• 26.2.1.3 Fire alarm signals received at the supervising station by a zone or zones shall be re transmitted by zone to the communications center.
• 26.2.1.4 Fire alarm signals received at the supervising station that are identified as an individual point or points shall be re-transmitted by point identified to the communications system.

Central Station Service Alarm Systems

• 226.3.4.7 The authority having jurisdiction identified in 26.3.4.2(5) shall be notified within 30 calendar days of the expiration or cancellation by the organization that listed the prime contractor.
• 26.3.8.3* Supervisory Signals.  Upon receipt of a supervisory signal that is not prearranged, the central station shall perform the following actions:
1. *Communicate immediately with the persons designated by the subscriber and notify the fire department, law enforcement agency, or both when required by the authority having jurisdiction
2. Dispatch a runner or maintenance person to arrive within 2 hours to investigate unless the supervisory signal is cleared in accordance with a scheduled procedure determined by 26.3.8.3(1)
3. Notify the authority having jurisdiction and the subscriber when sprinkler systems or other fire suppression systems or equipment have been wholly or partially out of service for 8 hours.
4. When service has been restored, provide notice to the subscriber and the authority having jurisdiction of the nature of the signal, the time of occurrence, and the restoration of service when equipment has been out of service for 8 hours or more.

NFPA 72 2016 Chapter 24 - Supervising Station Alarm Systems

Back to the Beginning - NFPA 72 2016 Chapter 3 - Definitions

How to Submit Codes to NFPA

Do you Want to Submit Ideas for New Codes and Standards in the Fire Alarm Industry?

We recently submitted a post on our Facebook Group that asked the questions, "If you had the ability to change one code or standard in our industry, what would it be?  The post received nearly 200 comments in a little over 24 hours so we figured it deserved its own follow-up article right here on www.firealarmsonline.com.

Is it Possible to Submit Codes and Standards for Use in the Applicable References?

The answer is YES!  NFPA's Standards Development Process is a full open consensus-based process.  In fact NFPA encourages the public to participate in this process and they understand its a necessity in code/standard evolution.  In this industry, we see changes constantly.  These changes can be construction types, installation techniques, cross-trade integration, technology and the codes and standards themselves.  The technical committee for NFPA understands that they themselves cannot see all of this and rely on you to submit revisions or maybe even new codes.  The NFPA standard's cycle are revised and updated every 3 to 5 years in segments known as revision cycles that take place twice a year and take about 2 years to complete.

Steps to the NFPA Revision Cycle for the Standards Development Process

The revision cycles for the NFPA Standard's Development Process are broken down into 4 fundamental steps:

1. Public Input
2. Public Comment
3. NFPA Technical Meeting
4. Standards Council Action

Above is a Flow Chart for the NFPA Standards Development Process

What is the NFPA Technical Committee?

The NFPA Technical Committee is a panel that is responsible for developing and updating all of the codes and standards fund throughout NFPA's lineup.  These technical committees are appointed by the Standards Council and are around 30 voting members.

You do NOT need to be a paying member of NFPA to participate on the technical code committee.

To become a member of a technical committee, you must first apply and be selected based on you expertise, experience, professional standing, commitment to public safety and most important, be able to express your views and opinions to a category of interested people or groups.

NFPA 72 Technical Committee Personnel

Each technical code committee is made up to contain a balance of interests with no more than one third of the committee be from the same category.  This ensures a fair consensus is reached.  Below is a list of the categories along with their designation (*):

• Manufacturer (M)
• User (U)
• Installer/Maintainer (I/M)
• Labor (L)
• Applied Research/Testing Laboratory (R/T)
• Enforcing Authority (E)
• Insurance (I)
• Consumer (C)
• Special Expert (SE)

You can find each member of a specific Standard/code in the front of the reference.

Step #1 of the NFPA Standard Development Process

Public Input - Right after the publication of the current NFPA standard or code, the Standard Development Process for the next edition begins.  Public Input is a chance for anyone interested to submit input on an existing standard or a new draft standard approved by the technical committee.  The closing date for public input is published in a few places such as NFPA's website, NFPA news, etc.  Once the closing date is reached, the technical committee with conduct a first draft meeting to respond to all of the input submitted by the public.

How do you Submit Public Input?

• Here are the steps to take if you are interested in submitting public input for a specific standard.  First choose the document in which you want to submit input.  For this example, we will be using NFPA 72.  You will need to choose the document form NFPA's website under "List of NFPA codes & Standards" or use the "Documents Accepting Public Input" search feature.

• Once you have reached the page for your standard, click on the link that states "Next Edition"

• Now click on the link that stats "The next edition of this standard is now open for Public Input."  You will need to be signed in to complete this step so make sure to set up a free online account.  Follow the instructions on how to use the submission system.

• Once you have saved or submitted your public input in the system, it can always be located on the "My Profile" page by selecting the "My Public Inputs/Comments/NITMAMs" sections.

What Happens Once the Public Input Closing Date is Over?

As stated above, the technical committee will host a first draft meeting.  This is the time when the committee considers and provides a response to all of the public input that was received.  Some of the input may be used to develop the first draft revisions to the standard however the final position of the committee must be established by a ballot.  To appear in the first draft, a revision must be approved by at minimum 2/3 of the technical committee.  Any revisions that do not make the vote, appear in the first draft report as "Committee Inputs".  Once the revisions are approved by the committee, they are published as the First Draft Report on the NFPA website.  Now the First Draft document is open for Step #2 Public Comments.

Step #2 of the NFPA Standard's Development Process

Now that the first draft is published, anyone can submit comments.  Any objections or changes to the first draft must be completed during the  Public Comment Stage.  After the closing date for public comments, the technical committee will host a second draft meeting.

How do you Submit Public Comments?

• Here are the steps to take if you are interested in submitting public comments to the first draft of a specific standard.  First choose the document in which you want to comment on.  For this example, we will be using NFPA 72.  You will need to choose the document form NFPA's website under "List of NFPA codes & Standards" or use the "Documents Accepting Public Input" search feature.

• Once you have reached the page for your standard, click on the link that states "Next Edition"

• You can access the first draft for use as a background for submitting your comments.  Here are the instructions on how to use the first draft report.

• Now click on the link that stats "The next edition of this standard is now open for Public Comment."  You will need to be signed in to complete this step so make sure to set up a free online account.  Follow the instructions on how to use the submission system.

• Once you have saved or submitted your public comment in the system, it can always be located on the "My Profile" page by selecting the "My Public Inputs/Comments/NITMAMs" sections.

What Happens Once the Public Comments Closing Date is Over?

If there are NO public comments received and the technical committee agrees that there is no need for a second draft meeting, the document is sent directly to the Standards Council for issuance.  This is known as "Consent Standards".

Example of the Second Draft Report for NFPA 72

If there are Public Comments, the following takes place:

Similar to the first draft meeting, the technical committee will now host a second draft meeting.  This is the time when the committee reviews the first draft and may make revisions based on the comments received.  The committee reviews all comments and provides a response/action to each.  The public comments are used to develop the second draft revisions to the standard however the final position of the committee must be established by a ballot.  To appear in the second draft, a revision must be approved by at minimum 2/3 of the technical committee.  Any revisions that do not make the vote, appear in the first draft report as "Committee Comments".  Once the revisions are approved by the committee, they are published as the Second Draft Report on the NFPA website.  Now the Second Draft document is open for public to submit what is known as a Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM) for further consideration.

Notice of Intent to Make a Motion - Details 

There are a lot of details and regulation regarding the Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM).  We suggest you visit NFPA's website for additional information on who is allowed to submit these and the process and time frames for acceptance.  Here is a link to help you out.  Some Basic Details about NITMAM are noted below:

• NITMAMs are accepted 5 weeks after the posting of the second draft report
• The NITMAMs are reviewed and certified by the committee.  If they are certified, they may be presented at the NFPA Technical Meeting.
• The NFPA Technical Meeting is each June where the membership meets to act on the Standards with certified NITMAMs.
• The committee votes on any successful amendments to the technical committee reports made by the NFPA membership at the NFPA Technical Meeting.

Step #3 NFPA Technical Meeting

This step is ONLY required if there are any Notice of Intent to Make a Motions filed and they are certified.  If this is the case than these motions can be heard at the NFPA technical meeting.  This meeting takes place every June at the NFPA Conference & Expo.

Step #4 Council Appeals an Issuance of Standard

If there are NO NITMAMs filed, then the standard is not placed on the agenda for the NFPA Technical Meeting (Step #3).  At this time, the standard is sent directly to the Standards Council to be issued.  This is known as "Consent Standards".

Issuing the Standard - At the time when the council gathers to issue a standard, it will also listen to any related appeals.  This is a process to ensure fairness and due process have been followed throughout the entire process.  After all appeals are decided, the Standards Council proceeds to issue the standard.  One issued, the decision of the Standards Council is now final and the document has limited review by the NFPA Board of Directors.  The new standard will become effective and official 20 days after the issuance by the Standards Council.

Two-Way Communication & Area of Refuge Requirements | IBC & NFPA 72

Two-way communication systems provide emergency voice communication between building occupants who may need evacuation assistance and personnel at a fire command center, central control point, supervising station, emergency services location, or other approved location.

These systems are commonly associated with Areas of Refuge, accessible elevator landings, occupant evacuation elevator lobbies, and other accessible means of egress provisions. They are especially important for occupants who cannot safely use stairs during a fire or other emergency.

This guide explains when two-way communication systems are required, where call stations are installed, how Area of Refuge requirements differ from elevator-landing requirements, and how the International Building Code (IBC), NFPA 72, NFPA 101, ICC A117.1, and UL 2525 work together.

Code Edition Note: Building and fire codes are adopted locally and jurisdictions do not always use the same edition. This article explains the modern IBC/NFPA framework, but designers and installers must verify the code edition and amendments adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).

What Is a Two-Way Communication System?

A two-way emergency communication system allows a person requesting assistance to communicate back and forth with personnel at an approved receiving location.

Unlike a typical fire alarm emergency voice/alarm communication system that primarily broadcasts instructions to building occupants, a two-way communication system provides communication in both directions.

A typical system can include:

• A master or central control station
• Remote two-way call stations
• Audible communication
• Visible communication/status indication
• Supervised communication pathways
• Primary and secondary power
• Automatic off-premises communication where required

Depending on the building and applicable code requirements, remote stations can be located at Areas of Refuge, elevator landings, occupant evacuation elevator lobbies, or other required emergency communication locations.

Two-Way Communication vs. One-Way Emergency Voice Communication

This distinction causes considerable confusion in the field.

Two-way communication allows the occupant and receiving personnel to communicate with each other.

One-way emergency communication generally broadcasts instructions or emergency information to occupants without providing the same occupant-to-operator conversation through that communication path.

A fire alarm emergency voice/alarm communication system, often called EVACS, is a common example of a system used to distribute emergency voice instructions.

Two-way emergency communication serves a different purpose: it allows an occupant who needs assistance to call for help and communicate with responding or supervising personnel.

Example of a Two-Way Communication System

The photograph below shows an example of a Space Age Electronics SHIELD 30 two-way emergency communication system.

Example of equipment used for a building two-way emergency communication system.

What Codes Cover Two-Way Communication Systems?

Several codes and standards can affect the design of a two-way emergency communication system.

• International Building Code (IBC) establishes many of the conditions under which two-way communication is required as part of an accessible means of egress.
• NFPA 101, Life Safety Code contains requirements for Areas of Refuge and emergency communication where that code is adopted.
• NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code contains installation and performance requirements for emergency communications systems.
• ICC A117.1 addresses accessibility requirements that can affect signage, characters, operable parts, and accessible features.
• UL 2525 is the product safety standard associated with two-way emergency communication systems for rescue assistance applications.

Easy way to remember it: The building or life-safety code generally helps determine when and where the system is required. NFPA 72 provides important requirements for how the emergency communication system is installed and performs.

When Is Two-Way Communication Required at Elevator Landings?

Under the modern IBC framework, a two-way communication system is required at elevator landings serving accessible floors that are one or more stories above or below the level of exit discharge, unless an applicable exception permits otherwise.

This is an important distinction. The requirement does not mean that every elevator in every new building automatically requires a two-way call station at every floor.

The accessible means of egress provisions, floor configuration, elevator type, ramps, Areas of Refuge, and other code conditions must be evaluated.

For a deeper discussion specifically focused on elevator landings, see our Elevator Landing Two-Way Communication Systems Code Guide.

Are Two-Way Call Stations Required at Every Elevator?

No. The IBC provides specific exceptions to the elevator-landing two-way communication requirement.

Depending on the adopted code edition and building conditions, exceptions can address situations such as:

• Communication already provided within qualifying Areas of Refuge
• Floors provided with compliant ramps
• Certain service elevators that are not part of the required accessible means of egress or accessible route
• Freight elevators
• Private residence elevators
• Other conditions specifically recognized by the adopted code edition

Always review the complete section and the locally adopted code before eliminating a required call station.

What Is an Area of Refuge?

An Area of Refuge is a designated location intended to provide a safer place for occupants who may need assistance during an emergency evacuation.

Areas of Refuge are part of the accessible means of egress strategy. They can allow an occupant who cannot use the stairs to wait for assistance while maintaining emergency communication with trained personnel.

Where an Area of Refuge is required, the applicable building or life-safety code determines its construction, size, accessibility, signage, communication, and other requirements.

Area of Refuge vs. Elevator Landing Two-Way Communication

These terms are frequently used interchangeably in the field, but they should not automatically be treated as the same thing.

An Area of Refuge is a specific code-defined location associated with an accessible means of egress.

An elevator-landing two-way communication station can be required at an accessible elevator landing even when that landing is not itself being designated as an Area of Refuge.

This distinction matters during design because the designer must first determine why the communication station is required before applying the appropriate requirements.

Where Does the Two-Way Communication System Call?

The required remote communication stations communicate with an approved receiving point such as a fire command center or other approved central control location.

Where the receiving location is not constantly attended, the applicable building code can require automatic off-premises communication to an approved supervising station or emergency services location.

Design Tip: Determine whether the receiving location will actually be constantly attended early in the design. This decision can affect equipment selection, communications infrastructure, programming, monitoring, and coordination with the AHJ.

Does a Two-Way Communication System Need Audible and Visible Signals?

Modern IBC requirements include both audible and visible communication/status features for required two-way communication systems.

The remote station must provide occupants with meaningful indication that their request for assistance has been transmitted and that communication has been established as required by the applicable code and equipment listing.

Because accessibility is a major part of these systems, designers should not evaluate the voice function alone. Visual indications, instructions, signage, mounting location, operability, and accessibility all need to be considered together.

UL 2525 and Two-Way Emergency Communication Systems

UL 2525 is an important product standard for two-way emergency communication systems used for rescue assistance applications.

Modern building and life-safety requirements reference listed equipment complying with UL 2525 in conjunction with installation requirements from NFPA 72.

When selecting a two-way communication system, verify that the equipment is appropriately listed for its intended application rather than assuming that any intercom or telephone system can satisfy the emergency communication requirement.

Two-Way Communication Signage Requirements

Signage is an important part of an accessible emergency communication system.

Operating instructions and identification information must be provided where required so occupants can understand how to request assistance and communicate their location.

Accessibility requirements can also apply to visual characters, tactile characters, Braille, the International Symbol of Accessibility, illumination, and directional signage depending on the particular sign and application.

Area of Refuge Signage

Example of Area of Refuge identification signage.

Required Area of Refuge signage can include identification of the refuge location, accessible means of egress information, and other directional or instructional information required by the applicable building and accessibility provisions.

Emergency Instructions at an Area of Refuge

Instructions at an Area of Refuge should tell occupants how to use the area during an emergency and how to summon assistance using the two-way communication system.

Example of emergency instructions associated with an Area of Refuge.

Directional Signage for Accessible Means of Egress

Directional signage can be required to identify accessible means of egress and direct occupants toward Areas of Refuge or other accessible egress components.

Depending on the building configuration, signage requirements can affect:

• Elevator landings
• Areas of Refuge
• Exits serving accessible spaces
• Exterior areas for assisted rescue
• Routes leading to accessible means of egress

The applicable IBC provisions and ICC A117.1 should be reviewed for the specific signage and accessibility requirements.

Two-Way Communication System Mounting Height

There is no single universal mounting height that should be applied to every component of every two-way communication system.

This is an area where designers need to distinguish between:

• Operable parts of the call station
• Tactile characters
• Visual characters
• Instructional signage
• Required accessibility reach ranges
• Manufacturer mounting requirements

For accessible call stations, the required operable portions must be located within the applicable accessible reach ranges. Signage must independently comply with the requirements applicable to the type of sign being installed.

Field Tip: Do not use the height of the enclosure or speaker as the measurement point unless the applicable requirement specifically tells you to. The required measurement can relate to the operable part, tactile characters, visual characters, or another defined feature.

NFPA 72 and Two-Way Emergency Communication Systems

NFPA 72 addresses Emergency Communications Systems (ECS) in Chapter 24.

Two-way emergency communications addressed by NFPA 72 include applications such as:

• Area of Refuge emergency communication
• Elevator-landing communication
• Stairway communication
• Occupant evacuation elevator lobby communication
• Fire service communications

NFPA 72 provides requirements affecting equipment, pathways, supervision, power supplies, survivability, system operation, and testing.

The exact section numbering can change between NFPA 72 editions, so always verify the adopted edition rather than relying exclusively on a section number from an older design or specification.

Does the Two-Way Communication Wiring Need to Be Supervised?

Required emergency communication pathways must be monitored for integrity as required by NFPA 72 and the system design.

The purpose of pathway supervision is simple: a wiring failure that prevents an occupant from calling for assistance should not remain hidden until an emergency occurs.

The equipment listing, pathway class, system architecture, NFPA 72 requirements, and manufacturer's instructions all need to be considered when determining the required supervision.

Two-Way Communication System Battery Backup

Emergency communication systems require reliable primary and secondary power in accordance with the applicable NFPA 72 requirements and equipment listing.

Battery calculations should be based on the system's required standby and active operating periods, connected equipment load, manufacturer data, and the NFPA 72 edition adopted for the project.

Avoid assuming that an old standby/active-time rule automatically applies to every modern two-way communication system. The system type, equipment listing, adopted NFPA 72 edition, and applicable building-code requirements must be evaluated together.

Pathway Survivability for Area of Refuge and Elevator Communication

Pathway survivability is one of the most important technical considerations for wired emergency communication systems.

The goal is to prevent a fire in one portion of the building from unnecessarily disabling emergency communications needed by occupants in other protected locations.

Depending on the system configuration and applicable NFPA 72 requirements, pathway survivability can involve:

• Fire-resistive or circuit-integrity cable systems
• Listed electrical circuit protective systems
• Protected shafts, enclosures, or areas
• Building sprinkler protection
• Separation or routing of redundant pathways
• Other approved survivability methods

The required survivability level is not determined solely by whether a building is described as having two-hour construction. Modern NFPA 72 requirements evaluate the location and configuration of pathways, protected areas, communication stations, notification zones, and system architecture.

Building Construction and Fire-Resistance Ratings

Building construction and fire-resistance ratings can still be important when evaluating emergency communication pathways, but they must be considered as part of the complete code analysis.

Building construction fire-resistance information can be one part of a pathway survivability analysis. Verify the table against the IBC edition adopted for the project.

Two-Hour Circuit Integrity Cable

Where a two-hour fire-resistive pathway is required, one possible method can involve a listed circuit-integrity or fire-resistive cable system installed in accordance with its listing.

Example of cable associated with fire-resistive emergency communication pathway installations.

Important: Installing cable marketed as "CI cable" does not by itself make an installation compliant. The complete listed system, installation method, supports, raceway or protection requirements, terminations, and other listing conditions must be followed.

Stairway Communication Systems

Two-way emergency communication requirements are not limited to Areas of Refuge and elevator landings.

Building codes can require communication within certain stairways, particularly in high-rise or other regulated applications. These systems provide communication between designated stairway locations and an approved constantly attended station or other approved receiving location.

Stairway communication should therefore be evaluated separately from Area of Refuge and elevator-landing communication when reviewing a project's emergency communication requirements.

Occupant Evacuation Elevator Communication

Buildings using occupant evacuation elevators have additional communication requirements associated with the elevator evacuation strategy.

Two-way communication can be required within occupant evacuation elevator lobbies so occupants can communicate with an approved emergency control location while waiting for or using the evacuation system.

For more information about these elevators, see our Occupant Evacuation Elevator Code Guide.

How Often Are Two-Way Communication Systems Tested?

Two-way emergency communication systems must be inspected and tested in accordance with the applicable NFPA 72 requirements, equipment listing, manufacturer's instructions, and requirements of the AHJ.

Testing should verify more than the physical presence of the call station. Depending on the system and applicable requirements, testing can include communication operation, visual and audible indications, pathway supervision, trouble conditions, power supplies, secondary power, and communication with the receiving location.

Always use the inspection and testing table from the NFPA 72 edition adopted for the project rather than carrying forward a table number or test frequency from an older edition without verification.

Two-Way Communication Design Checklist

• Determine which building and fire code editions are adopted.
• Identify the level or levels of exit discharge.
• Identify all accessible floors.
• Determine the required accessible means of egress from each floor.
• Identify required Areas of Refuge.
• Identify elevator landings requiring two-way communication.
• Check all applicable IBC exceptions.
• Determine whether occupant evacuation elevators are provided.
• Determine whether stairway communication is required.
• Identify the approved central control or fire command location.
• Determine whether that location is constantly attended.
• Determine whether automatic off-premises communication is required.
• Verify equipment listing, including UL 2525 where applicable.
• Verify NFPA 72 installation requirements.
• Verify accessible call-station operation and mounting.
• Provide required operating instructions and signage.
• Determine pathway supervision requirements.
• Determine pathway survivability requirements.
• Calculate secondary power requirements.
• Coordinate monitoring and off-premises communications.
• Verify inspection and testing requirements.
• Confirm the final design with the AHJ.

Frequently Asked Questions About Two-Way Communication Systems

Is a two-way communication system required at every elevator landing?

No. The requirement depends on whether the floor and elevator landing fall within the applicable accessible means of egress provisions and whether an IBC exception applies.

What floors require elevator-landing two-way communication?

Under the modern IBC framework, the requirement generally applies to elevator landings on accessible floors that are one or more stories above or below the level of exit discharge, subject to the applicable exceptions.

Is an elevator landing automatically an Area of Refuge?

No. An elevator landing and an Area of Refuge are related concepts within accessible means of egress design, but they are not automatically the same thing.

Does an Area of Refuge require two-way communication?

Where an Area of Refuge is required by the applicable code, two-way emergency communication is generally part of the Area of Refuge requirements, subject to the specific provisions and exceptions of the adopted code.

Where does an Area of Refuge call box communicate?

The communication system connects occupants to an approved central control point, fire command center, supervising station, emergency services location, or other location permitted by the applicable code and approved by the AHJ.

Does the two-way communication master station have to be constantly attended?

If the designated receiving location is not constantly attended, the applicable building code can require automatic off-premises communication to an approved supervising station or emergency services location.

Does a two-way communication system require UL 2525 equipment?

Modern code provisions reference UL 2525-listed two-way emergency communication equipment for applicable rescue-assistance systems. Verify the adopted code edition and the listing of the proposed equipment.

Does two-way communication wiring require two-hour CI cable?

Not automatically. Pathway survivability requirements depend on the applicable NFPA 72 provisions, system architecture, pathway location, building protection, and other conditions. A two-hour fire-resistive pathway is one possible requirement or solution in certain applications.

Does a two-way communication system need battery backup?

Emergency communication systems require secondary power in accordance with the applicable NFPA 72 requirements and equipment listing. Required capacity must be calculated for the specific system.

Who determines whether a two-way communication system is required?

The requirement is established by the adopted building, fire, life-safety, and accessibility codes and ultimately interpreted and enforced by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.

California Author's Note

California projects should also be reviewed against the currently adopted California Building Code and California Fire Code, including California amendments and accessibility provisions.

The fundamental design process remains the same: determine the accessible means of egress, identify required Areas of Refuge and elevator-landing communication locations, apply the applicable exceptions, then coordinate the emergency communication system with the adopted NFPA 72 requirements.

Because California accessibility and building-code provisions can modify or supplement the model-code requirements, designers should verify the currently adopted California code cycle and local amendments before finalizing a project.

Related FireAlarmsOnline Guides

If you are designing or troubleshooting emergency communication and elevator fire alarm systems, these related guides may help:

• Elevator Landing Two-Way Communication Systems
• Occupant Evacuation Elevator Code Requirements
• Elevator Shunt Trip Requirements & Codes
• 520 Hz Fire Alarm Requirements
• Fire Alarm Codes vs. Standards

Final Thoughts

Two-way emergency communication systems are an increasingly important part of accessible building evacuation design. The key is understanding that Area of Refuge communication, elevator-landing communication, stairway communication, and occupant evacuation elevator communication are related but distinct applications.

Start with the adopted building or life-safety code to determine where and when communication is required. Then use NFPA 72, the equipment listing, accessibility requirements, manufacturer instructions, and AHJ requirements to determine how the system must be designed, installed, supervised, powered, and tested.

That approach produces a much cleaner design than beginning with a call-box layout and trying to reverse-engineer the code requirements afterward.

Code Disclaimer: This article is intended as an educational design and field reference. Code requirements vary by adopted edition, jurisdiction, building configuration, system listing, and local amendment. Always verify the applicable IBC, IFC, NFPA 72, NFPA 101, accessibility requirements, manufacturer instructions, and AHJ requirements for the specific project.

Is a Smoke Detector Required Above a Fire Alarm Control Panel? | NFPA 72

NFPA 72 decision guide for determining when early-warning smoke or heat detection is required at fire alarm control equipment. Always verify the locally adopted code edition and AHJ requirements.

One of the most common questions we hear from fire alarm technicians, designers and inspectors is: "Do I need a smoke detector above the fire alarm control panel?"

The answer is not always.

Quick Answer:

NFPA 72 requires early-warning fire detection at specified fire alarm control equipment when that equipment is located in an area that is not continuously occupied, unless an applicable permitted condition applies.

Where required, an automatic smoke detector is normally used. An automatic heat detector can be used where ambient conditions prohibit the installation of a smoke detector.

Also, the detector does not necessarily have to be mounted literally above the panel. The NFPA 72 language is based on detection at the location of the equipment, with detector placement following the applicable Chapter 17 location requirements.

That distinction matters because the phrase "smoke detector above the FACP" has become common field terminology. It is convenient shorthand, but it can make the requirement sound much simpler than it actually is.

Let's break it down.

What Equipment Is NFPA 72 Trying to Protect?

NFPA 72 Section 10.4.5 addresses early-warning fire detection at certain equipment located in areas that are not continuously occupied.

The equipment addressed includes:

• Fire alarm control units
• Notification appliance circuit (NAC) power extenders
• Supervising station transmitting equipment

The purpose is straightforward: a fire developing at or near critical fire alarm equipment could damage that equipment before the system performs the functions it is supposed to perform.

Early detection provides an opportunity for the fire condition to be detected and reported before critical equipment is disabled by the fire.

Important: The requirement should not automatically be applied to every piece of fire alarm equipment on the wall. NFPA explanatory material distinguishes the applicable control equipment from devices such as annunciators and addressable field devices.

Is a Smoke Detector Always Required Above the FACU?

No.

The first question should not be, "Where do I put the smoke detector?"

The first question should be:

Is early-warning detection required at this equipment location in the first place?

Several conditions can change the answer.

1. Is the Area Continuously Occupied?

Section 10.4.5 applies to equipment located in areas that are not continuously occupied.

That means a room or area being occupied occasionally throughout the business day should not automatically be treated as continuously occupied.

For example, an office where employees come and go, a lobby that becomes vacant after normal business hours, or an electrical room entered periodically by maintenance personnel is very different from a location staffed continuously.

A security command center or similar location with personnel actually present continuously may fall outside the not-continuously-occupied condition addressed by 10.4.5.

Field Tip: Do not interpret "continuously occupied" as "people are usually around." The actual occupancy and staffing arrangement matters. When the condition is questionable, coordinate the interpretation with the AHJ.

2. Does the Room Already Have Total Smoke Detection Coverage?

Another frequently misunderstood situation occurs when the room containing the FACU already has smoke detection throughout the space.

NFPA explanatory material indicates that where the room or area containing the control unit already has total smoke detection coverage, an additional smoke detector solely for the purpose of protecting the control unit is not necessary.

In other words, the requirement is not necessarily:

Existing detector + another special detector directly above the panel.

If the required detection objective is already being accomplished by the room's smoke detection system, another dedicated detector at the panel may not be necessary.

This is one reason designers should evaluate the entire detection layout instead of automatically adding a detector directly over every FACU.

3. What If the Room Is Large?

This brings up another interesting point.

The detector required specifically for protection of the control equipment is intended to provide selective coverage at the equipment location.

NFPA explanatory material has clarified that where total smoke detection is not otherwise provided, the intent is not necessarily to redesign the entire room for complete smoke detector coverage simply because a detector is required at the control unit.

The objective is protection at the equipment location.

If the building or room is required to have complete smoke detection for some other reason, those separate requirements still apply.

4. What About Dedicated-Function Fire Alarm Systems?

This is where the question becomes considerably more interesting.

A building fire alarm system generally serves the overall fire alarm needs of the building and can provide occupant notification, fire department notification, or other building-wide functions.

A dedicated-function fire alarm system is installed specifically to perform one or more particular fire-safety functions where a complete building fire alarm system might not otherwise be required.

Examples can include systems associated with:

• Sprinkler waterflow and supervisory monitoring
• Elevator recall and supervisory control
• Emergency responder communications enhancement systems (ERRCS)
• Carbon monoxide or other gas detection
• Suppression systems
• HVAC smoke detection

The important point is that the words "dedicated-function system" alone do not tell you whether a detector is required at its FACU.

NFPA 72 Section 10.4.5.1 addresses dedicated-function FACUs that are not required to provide local or supervising-station notification signals. Under that condition, smoke or heat detection at the dedicated-function FACU is not required by this provision.

Do Not Use a Shortcut:

Avoid rules such as "sprinkler monitoring panel = detector required" or "elevator panel = detector not required."

Determine what the particular FACU actually does and whether it is required to provide local or supervising-station notification signals.

For additional information on dedicated-function systems and sprinkler monitoring, see our Dedicated Function Fire Alarm Systems and Sprinkler Monitoring guide.

5. What About an Elevator Recall Control Panel?

Elevator systems are a perfect example of why blanket rules can cause trouble.

A dedicated-function elevator recall and supervisory control unit can be used where the building does not otherwise require a building fire alarm system, subject to the applicable requirements.

Whether separate early-warning detection is required at that dedicated-function FACU depends on the actual functions and notification requirements associated with that control unit.

Do not assume that every elevator recall panel automatically receives a smoke detector, and do not assume that every elevator recall panel is automatically exempt.

For a deeper explanation of elevator interfaces, see our complete Elevator Recall and Shunt Trip guide and our Elevator Shunt Trip Requirements and Codes article.

6. NFPA 72 Risk Analysis Provision

The 2025 edition of NFPA 72 also contains another important path that should not be overlooked.

Section 10.4.5.2 addresses situations where a risk analysis determines that early-warning fire detection is not required and the authority having jurisdiction accepts that determination.

This is not the same thing as an installer deciding that the detector seems unnecessary.

The provision involves a risk analysis and AHJ acceptance.

Important distinction: "I don't think we need one" is not a risk analysis. Where this provision is being used, document the analysis and coordinate it with the AHJ.

7. Smoke Detector or Heat Detector?

Where early-warning detection is required under Section 10.4.5, an automatic smoke detector is the normal method.

NFPA 72 permits an automatic heat detector where ambient conditions prohibit installation of an automatic smoke detector.

That does not mean a heat detector is simply an interchangeable alternative whenever someone prefers one.

The heat detector option addresses an environment where smoke detection is unsuitable.

Also consider the bigger question: if environmental conditions are severe enough to prohibit smoke detection, verify that the fire alarm control equipment itself is suitable for that environment and installed in accordance with its listing and manufacturer's instructions.

Where Should the Smoke Detector Be Installed?

Smoke detection required for fire alarm control equipment is installed at the location of the equipment in accordance with the applicable NFPA 72 detector-location requirements. "Above the FACP" does not necessarily mean directly above the cabinet.

Here is perhaps the most important field misconception in this entire article:

NFPA 72 does not simply say, "Install a smoke detector directly above the fire alarm panel."

The requirement concerns detection at the location of the equipment.

The smoke detector is then located in accordance with the applicable detector-location rules in NFPA 72 Chapter 17.

For a typical spot-type smoke detector, this can mean installation on the ceiling or permitted sidewall placement in accordance with the applicable edition, detector listing and installation instructions.

So if someone asks:

"How far can the smoke detector be from the FACP?"

do not automatically reach for an old "21-foot rule" or assume the detector must be centered directly over the cabinet. First identify the adopted NFPA 72 edition and then apply its current equipment-protection and detector-location requirements.

Historical Code Note: Why Older FACU Diagrams Look Different

Technicians who have been in the industry for a while may remember older diagrams and rules involving specific distances from the control unit.

That history is real.

Older editions of NFPA 72 included Annex guidance that treated detector placement at fire alarm control equipment differently depending on ceiling height. For example, older guidance associated with the 2010 edition included the familiar concept of locating detection within approximately 21 feet of the control unit under certain ceiling conditions and different guidance for higher ceilings.

Beginning with later editions, the approach was aligned more directly with the normal smoke-detector location requirements in Chapter 17.

That is why an old drawing, specification or training document may show a FACU detector arrangement that looks different from what you see in a newer NFPA 72 design.

Historical information is not current design criteria. Always determine which NFPA 72 edition has been adopted for the project before using dimensions or installation details from an older drawing or article.

Does an Annunciator Need Its Own Smoke Detector?

Not simply because it is an annunciator.

NFPA explanatory material distinguishes the control units addressed by this requirement from equipment such as annunciators and addressable devices.

Of course, a detector could still be required in the area for another reason. The point is that the presence of an annunciator by itself should not automatically be interpreted as requiring a dedicated smoke detector under this FACU protection provision.

Does a NAC Power Supply or Booster Need a Smoke Detector?

This is another common question.

NFPA 72 Section 10.4.5 specifically includes notification appliance circuit power extenders among the equipment addressed by the early-warning detection requirement.

Therefore, do not limit your review to the main FACP.

If NAC power extenders are located remotely throughout the building, evaluate their locations against the same applicable criteria, including whether the area is continuously occupied, whether existing detection provides the required coverage, and whether another permitted condition applies.

What About the Fire Alarm Communicator or Transmitter?

Supervising-station transmitting equipment is also specifically addressed.

The logic is particularly important here because a fire occurring at the transmitting equipment could prevent an alarm signal from reaching the supervising station.

Where applicable, early detection at that location increases the probability that the fire condition can be transmitted before the equipment is disabled.

Quick Field Decision Checklist

1. Identify the equipment. Is it a FACU, NAC power extender or supervising-station transmitting equipment?
2. Determine whether the area is continuously occupied.
3. Check for existing total smoke detection coverage.
4. Determine whether the FACU is a dedicated-function control unit.
5. If dedicated-function, determine whether local or supervising-station notification signals are required.
6. Determine whether an accepted risk analysis applies.
7. If detection is required, use smoke detection unless ambient conditions prohibit it.
8. Locate the detector according to the applicable Chapter 17 requirements.
9. Verify the locally adopted NFPA 72 edition.
10. Coordinate unusual conditions or interpretations with the AHJ.

Common Mistakes We See in the Field

• Assuming every fire alarm panel automatically requires a detector directly above it.
• Assuming an office or lobby is "continuously occupied" because people are normally present during business hours.
• Adding another detector at the FACU when the room already has the applicable total smoke detection coverage.
• Ignoring remote NAC power extenders.
• Ignoring supervising-station transmitting equipment.
• Assuming every dedicated-function FACU is automatically exempt.
• Assuming every sprinkler-monitoring FACU automatically follows the same answer.
• Assuming every elevator recall FACU automatically follows the same answer.
• Using old detector-distance rules from an earlier NFPA 72 edition on a current project.
• Using a heat detector merely for convenience instead of because ambient conditions prohibit smoke detection.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is a smoke detector required directly above every fire alarm control panel?

No. NFPA 72 does not create a universal rule requiring a detector literally above every FACP. The requirement depends on the equipment, occupancy of the area, existing detection and applicable permitted conditions.

What does "at the location of the FACU" mean?

It means the required detection is intended to protect the location of the applicable fire alarm equipment. Detector placement is coordinated with the applicable NFPA 72 Chapter 17 location requirements rather than simply mounting a detector directly over the cabinet.

If the room already has smoke detectors, do I need another one at the panel?

Not necessarily. NFPA explanatory material indicates that where the room containing the control unit already has total smoke detection coverage, additional smoke detection solely to protect the control unit is not required.

Can I use a heat detector instead?

NFPA 72 permits an automatic heat detector where ambient conditions prohibit installation of an automatic smoke detector. It should not be treated as a convenience substitution.

Does a NAC power extender need detection?

Potentially, yes. NAC power extenders are specifically included among the equipment addressed by the Section 10.4.5 early-warning detection requirement. The other conditions and permitted exceptions still need to be evaluated.

Does a remote fire alarm annunciator require a dedicated smoke detector?

Not merely because it is an annunciator. NFPA explanatory material distinguishes annunciators and addressable devices from the control units intended to be protected by this particular requirement.

Does a dedicated-function fire alarm panel require a smoke detector?

It depends on the system. NFPA 72 provides specific treatment for dedicated-function FACUs that are not required to provide local or supervising-station notification signals. Evaluate the actual system functions instead of relying only on the panel label.

What NFPA 72 edition should I use?

Use the edition adopted by the jurisdiction governing your project. This article discusses the framework of the 2025 edition while also explaining important historical differences found in older editions.

Related Fire Alarm Resources

• Dedicated Function Fire Alarm Systems and Sprinkler Monitoring
• Elevator Recall and Shunt Trip Explained
• Elevator Shunt Trip Requirements and Codes
• Fire Alarm Voltage Drop Calculations
• How to Test a Duct Smoke Detector With a Manometer

Primary Code Reference

The primary standard discussed in this article is NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, including the 2025 edition Section 10.4.5 framework and applicable Chapter 17 detector-location requirements.

Because code adoption varies by state and local jurisdiction, always verify the edition legally adopted for the project, applicable amendments, approved plans, project specifications, equipment listings and the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction.

You can review available editions of NFPA 72 through the NFPA official code access portal .

Bottom Line:

A smoke detector is not automatically required directly above every fire alarm control panel.

Start by identifying the equipment and determining whether the area is continuously occupied. Then evaluate existing detection, dedicated-function FACU provisions, the risk-analysis provision and any other applicable requirements.

When detection is required, the objective is early warning at the location of the equipment. Install the detector in accordance with the applicable NFPA 72 detector-location requirements and the locally adopted code.

Disclaimer: Fire alarm requirements vary by adopted code edition, jurisdiction, occupancy, system configuration and project conditions. This article is educational and is not a substitute for the adopted codes, approved construction documents, manufacturer instructions or AHJ interpretation.

Fire Alarm Codes vs. Standards

What is the difference between fire alarm codes and fire alarm standards?

The terms "code" and "standards" are commonly used to represent the same thing.  However, the two terms stand for completely different meanings.  Fire alarm codes are written rules and regulations that are then adopted as law for enforcement by an AHJ or Authority Having Jurisdiction.  Fire alarm codes once put in place, are the minimum requirements that must be complied with to provide a reasonable degree of life safety. Codes are written based on standards.  Fire alarm standards are generally produced by a consensus or technically committee to represent a minimum level of how to install certain types of protection.  Standards are focused on one particular system component and give guidelines on the proper installation, maintenance and inspecting.


Fire Alarm Code:

Fire alarm codes specify when and where a given type of protection is required.  These fire alarm codes are a minimum requirement and are encouraged to be exceeded.  Below is a list of fire alarm and fire related code references:

• NFPA 30 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code)
• NFPA 54 (National Fuel Gas Code)
• NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code)
• NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code)
• NFPA 5000 (Building Construction and Safety Code)
• IBC (International Building Code)
• IFC (International Fire Code)

Fire Alarm Standard:

Fire alarm standards detail how a specific protection required by the code is to be achieved.  Below is an example list of fire alarm and fire related standards:

• NFPA 10 (Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers)
• NFPA 13 (Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems)
• NFPA 14 (Standard for the Installation of Standpipes and Hose Systems)
• NFPA 20 (Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection)
• NFPA 72 (National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code)*

*  Keep in mind that NFPA 72 tells us how to install fire alarm systems.  It doesn't explain what type of equipment (pull stations, smoke detectors, duct detectors, waterflows, tampers) should be used.  This information can be found in the specific jurisdiction's adopted building code.

How you determine the Fire Alarm requirements.

Check with your local authority having jurisdiction to determine what edition of the applicable codes they are currently enforcing.  Most codes will determine the fire alarm and automatic fire sprinklers based on the occupancy classifications of the particular building.  If NFPA 101 Life Safety Code is enforced, consult section 9.6 for the exact system installation requirements.

Elevator Shunt Trip Requirements & Codes | NFPA 72 + IBC

Elevator shunt trip is one of the most frequently misunderstood elevator and fire alarm interfaces. In simple terms, elevator shunt trip is used to remove operating power from an elevator before sprinkler water can be discharged onto elevator equipment where energized equipment and water could create an unsafe condition.

The important distinction is that elevator recall and elevator shunt trip are not the same function. Elevator recall is normally initiated by smoke detection and sends the elevator to a designated or alternate recall level. Elevator shunt trip is an elevator power shutdown function associated with sprinkler protection in specific elevator spaces.

Quick Answer:
Where elevator hoistways, machine rooms, control rooms, or control spaces containing elevator equipment are protected by automatic sprinklers and elevator power shutdown is required, the system must be arranged to disconnect elevator power before sprinkler water creates an unsafe condition. NFPA 72 Section 21.4 provides the fire alarm interface requirements for this elevator power shutdown function.

Elevator shunt trip sequence of operations showing heat detection, fire alarm control, power disconnect, elevator shutdown and sprinkler coordination.

What Is Elevator Shunt Trip?

An elevator shunt trip system automatically opens the elevator's main power disconnect when required by the applicable elevator, building, electrical, and fire alarm codes.

The purpose is not simply to turn off the elevator during a fire. The purpose is to coordinate elevator power shutdown with sprinkler operation so that water is not discharged onto certain energized elevator equipment while the elevator remains capable of movement.

A typical elevator shunt trip sequence may include:

1. A heat detector or other approved initiating method operates in a sprinkler-protected elevator space.
2. The fire alarm system processes the elevator shutdown signal.
3. A listed relay or control interface operates the elevator shunt-trip disconnecting means.
4. Main operating power to the affected elevator is disconnected.
5. The disconnecting means remains open until it is manually restored in accordance with elevator and electrical system requirements.

The exact sequence must be coordinated between the fire alarm contractor, electrical contractor, elevator contractor, sprinkler contractor, engineer, and Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).

Elevator Recall vs. Elevator Shunt Trip

Elevator recall and elevator shunt trip work together as part of the overall elevator emergency-control strategy, but they perform completely different functions.

Function	Typical Initiating Device	Primary Purpose
Elevator Recall	Smoke detection or other permitted automatic detection	Moves the elevator to the designated or alternate recall level
Elevator Shunt Trip	Heat detection, pressure/waterflow initiation, or another approved method where applicable	Disconnects elevator operating power before sprinkler discharge creates an unsafe condition

Elevator recall sequence: smoke detection initiates Phase I recall and sends the elevator to the appropriate recall level.

Elevator shunt trip sequence: heat detection or another approved initiating method activates the elevator power shutdown function.

For a complete explanation of recall operation, see our Elevator Recall and Shunt Trip Explained guide.

When Is Elevator Shunt Trip Required?

Shunt trip is generally associated with elevators where automatic sprinklers are installed in elevator hoistways, machine rooms, control rooms, control spaces, or similar elevator equipment locations and the application of sprinkler water could create an unsafe operating condition.

The International Building Code requires elevator power shutdown where specified elevator spaces containing elevator equipment are protected by automatic sprinklers. The shutdown arrangement is coordinated through NFPA 72 Section 21.4.

This means you should not determine whether shunt trip is required simply by asking whether the building itself is sprinklered.

Instead, determine:

• Whether sprinklers are installed in the applicable elevator space.
• Where the sprinkler is located.
• Whether elevator equipment could be exposed to sprinkler water.
• Whether the elevator is a standard passenger elevator, Fire Service Access Elevator, Occupant Evacuation Elevator, or another elevator type.
• Which editions of the building, fire, elevator, electrical, sprinkler, and fire alarm codes have been adopted by the jurisdiction.

2024 IBC Requirements for Elevator Shunt Trip

IBC Section 3005.5 addresses elevator shunt trip.

Where elevator hoistways, machine rooms, control rooms, and control spaces containing elevator control equipment are protected by automatic sprinklers, the IBC requires a means arranged in accordance with NFPA 72 Section 21.4 to automatically disconnect main-line elevator power before the application of water.

The disconnecting means is also required to be non-self-resetting. In other words, power should not automatically restore when the fire alarm initiating condition clears.

Sprinkler activation elsewhere in the building is not intended to indiscriminately shut down elevator power. The shutdown function is associated with sprinkler protection affecting the elevator equipment areas addressed by the applicable code.

NFPA 72 Section 21.4: Elevator Power Shutdown

NFPA 72 Chapter 21 covers emergency control function interfaces. Section 21.4 specifically addresses Elevator Power Shutdown.

Heat Detectors Used for Shunt Trip

When heat detectors are used to initiate elevator power shutdown, they must be selected and arranged so that elevator power is removed before sprinkler operation.

The heat detection must be coordinated with the sprinkler system so that the detector operates sooner than the sprinkler under the conditions anticipated by the design.

NFPA 72 requires heat detection used for this purpose to have a lower temperature rating and greater response sensitivity than the associated sprinkler.

24-Inch Heat Detector Placement

When spot-type heat detectors are used for elevator power shutdown, NFPA 72 requires them to be located within 24 inches of each sprinkler associated with the shutdown function unless an approved engineering method is used to demonstrate that the required operating sequence will occur.

This is why elevator machine rooms and hoistways may have heat detectors positioned immediately adjacent to sprinkler heads rather than laid out using ordinary area heat-detector spacing.

Important: A heat detector used for elevator shunt trip is performing an emergency control function. Do not treat its location as ordinary area heat detection spacing. Its relationship to the sprinkler is critical.

Waterflow or Pressure Switch Initiation

Where an approved pressure switch or waterflow switch is used to initiate elevator power shutdown, NFPA 72 does not permit the use of a time-delay function in that initiating path.

This is very different from ordinary sprinkler waterflow alarm applications where retard or time-delay arrangements are commonly encountered.

Can Elevator Shunt Trip Be Delayed?

Some elevator shutdown designs using heat detection may incorporate a coordinated delay intended to provide additional opportunity for the elevator to complete recall before power is removed.

However, this is not a universal permission to program an arbitrary shunt-trip delay. The sequence must remain coordinated with the elevator safety requirements so that power is removed before sprinkler water creates the hazardous condition the shutdown function is intended to prevent.

Any proposed delay should therefore be reviewed with the elevator contractor, design engineer, and AHJ.

If a pressure or waterflow switch is being used as the elevator shutdown initiating device, the NFPA 72 restriction on time-delay capability still applies.

Shunt Trip Control Circuit Supervision

This requirement is frequently overlooked in both design and installation.

The control circuit used to operate the elevator disconnecting means must be monitored for the presence of the operating voltage needed to perform the shutdown function.

If that operating voltage is lost, the fire alarm system must indicate the required supervisory condition so building personnel know that the elevator shutdown function may no longer be available.

A typical addressable fire alarm installation may use a monitor module and appropriately listed relay or interface arrangement to supervise the availability of the shunt-trip control voltage.

Field Tip: Functional testing should include more than simply tripping the elevator breaker. Verify loss-of-voltage supervision, fire alarm annunciation, relay operation, elevator recall sequence, shutdown sequence, and proper manual restoration.

Smoke Detectors Do Not Normally Initiate Elevator Shunt Trip

One of the most common design mistakes is assuming that the smoke detector used for elevator recall should also operate the shunt-trip breaker.

These are separate functions.

Smoke detection is generally associated with elevator recall.

Heat detection or another approved sprinkler-related initiating method is generally associated with elevator power shutdown.

The final design must follow the adopted elevator, fire alarm, building, sprinkler, and electrical codes for the project.

Fire Service Access Elevators and Occupant Evacuation Elevators

Fire Service Access Elevators and Occupant Evacuation Elevators require special treatment and should not be designed using the ordinary passenger-elevator shunt-trip assumptions.

Under the 2024 IBC:

IBC Section 3007.4 prohibits installing the ordinary elevator shutdown means described by Section 3005.5 on Fire Service Access Elevators.

IBC Section 3008.4 provides the corresponding restriction for Occupant Evacuation Elevators.

The IBC also restricts automatic sprinklers in their associated elevator hoistways and specified elevator equipment spaces.

Always identify the elevator type before designing the fire alarm interfaces.

Elevator Pit Sprinklers and Shunt Trip

Elevator pits create another common area of confusion because the required shutdown arrangement depends on the sprinkler location, elevator configuration, adopted elevator code, and applicable exceptions.

A sprinkler located very low in an elevator pit can be treated differently from a sprinkler located higher in the hoistway because the potential for sprinkler discharge to affect energized elevator equipment is different.

For a detailed explanation, see:

Do You Need a Heat Detector in the Elevator Pit?

California Elevator Shunt Trip Requirements

California deserves special attention because elevator installations are regulated by the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, commonly known as Cal/OSHA, through its Elevator Unit, in addition to the applicable California Building Standards Code.

Older guidance sometimes stated that elevator shunt-trip equipment had to be located outside the elevator machine room. That is not an accurate blanket statement under current California Elevator Unit guidance.

The California Elevator Unit issued a memorandum clarifying the location of shunt-trip equipment.

California permits shunt-trip devices that are incorporated into the design and function of the listed equipment serving as the single main-line disconnecting means to be located in elevator machine rooms, control rooms, and control spaces.

However, shunt-trip equipment that is not incorporated into that listed single disconnecting means is treated differently and is not permitted by that Elevator Unit policy to be located in those elevator equipment spaces.

See the official California Elevator Unit memorandum here:

California Elevator Unit – Location of Shunt Trip Equipment

California projects should also be reviewed against the current edition of the California Building Standards Code and any local amendments adopted by the AHJ.

Where Should the Elevator Shunt Trip Disconnect Be Located?

There is no universal rule stating that every elevator shunt-trip disconnect or breaker must always be located in one particular location.

Location depends on the electrical code, elevator code, equipment listing, elevator configuration, jurisdiction, and whether the shunt-trip components are incorporated into the elevator's listed main-line disconnecting means.

For California installations, follow the California Elevator Unit guidance described above rather than relying on the older assumption that every shunt-trip device must automatically be located outside the machine room.

Resetting an Elevator Shunt Trip Disconnect

Elevator power shutdown is intended to be a non-self-resetting function.

After the initiating condition has been investigated and the fire alarm and elevator systems are ready to be restored, the elevator disconnect must be manually restored using the proper procedure for the specific listed equipment.

Do not assume that resetting the fire alarm control unit should automatically restore elevator power.

Restoration should be performed by qualified personnel in accordance with the elevator equipment manufacturer's instructions, electrical safety requirements, elevator contractor procedures, and AHJ requirements.

Who Is Responsible for the Elevator Shunt Trip Wiring?

Responsibilities vary by project, but the interface normally involves several trades.

Trade	Typical Responsibility
Fire Alarm Contractor	Initiating devices, monitor modules, control modules, relay interfaces, programming, annunciation, and fire alarm testing
Electrical Contractor	Elevator disconnect and shunt-trip power wiring and associated electrical distribution work
Elevator Contractor	Elevator controller interface, recall operation, elevator safety functions, and elevator-side testing
Sprinkler Contractor	Sprinkler locations, temperature ratings, waterflow or pressure interfaces where applicable, and sprinkler system coordination

The construction documents should clearly identify responsibility rather than leaving the trades to determine the interface during final testing.

Typical Elevator Shunt Trip Sequence of Operations

A common sequence for a sprinkler-protected elevator equipment space may look like this:

1. Smoke detection initiates elevator Phase I recall when required.
2. The elevator begins traveling toward the applicable recall level.
3. A heat detector associated with the sprinkler operates.
4. The fire alarm system initiates the approved elevator power-shutdown sequence.
5. The shunt-trip disconnect removes the required elevator operating power before sprinkler discharge creates an unsafe condition.
6. The fire alarm system supervises the availability of the shutdown control circuit.
7. Elevator power remains disconnected until manually restored by qualified personnel.

This is only a general example. The project-specific sequence must match the elevator type, sprinkler configuration, adopted codes, equipment listings, engineering documents, and AHJ requirements.

Common Elevator Shunt Trip Design Mistakes

• Using the elevator recall smoke detector to initiate shunt trip.
• Installing the shunt-trip heat detector using ordinary room spacing instead of coordinating it with the sprinkler.
• Failing to supervise shunt-trip control voltage.
• Using an improper delay on a waterflow or pressure-switch shutdown circuit.
• Allowing sprinkler operation elsewhere in the building to shut down elevator power.
• Assuming every sprinklered building automatically requires elevator shunt trip.
• Failing to distinguish standard elevators from Fire Service Access Elevators or Occupant Evacuation Elevators.
• Failing to coordinate sprinkler temperature ratings and heat detector response characteristics.
• Failing to coordinate fire alarm, electrical, sprinkler, and elevator contractor responsibilities.
• Using outdated California guidance regarding shunt-trip equipment location.

Elevator Shunt Trip Wiring

This article focuses on the code requirements and operating principles behind elevator shunt trip.

For the actual fire alarm control wiring and relay arrangement, see:

How to Wire Elevator Shunt Trip

If you are looking specifically for a diagram, see:

Elevator Shunt Trip Wiring Diagram

Codes and Standards Commonly Used for Elevator Shunt Trip

Elevator power shutdown is a coordinated function involving several different codes and standards rather than a single fire alarm section.

Common references include:

• NFPA 72 – Section 21.4, Elevator Power Shutdown
• International Building Code – Section 3005.5, Shunt Trip
• ASME A17.1/CSA B44 – Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
• NFPA 70 / NEC Article 620 – Elevators and associated disconnecting means
• NFPA 13 – Sprinkler protection and sprinkler installation requirements
• California Title 24 and California Elevator Safety Orders for California projects

Always verify the exact code editions adopted by the project jurisdiction. A project designed under an older adopted code cycle may not use the same edition referenced by a newly permitted project.

Final Elevator Shunt Trip Checklist

Before approving an elevator shunt-trip design, confirm:

☐ Is sprinkler protection installed in the applicable elevator space?

☐ Is elevator power shutdown actually required for that location?

☐ Is the elevator type clearly identified?

☐ Are recall and shunt trip being treated as separate functions?

☐ Is heat detection properly coordinated with each applicable sprinkler?

☐ Are heat detector temperature and response characteristics coordinated with the sprinkler?

☐ Is the shutdown control circuit supervised for operating voltage?

☐ Are prohibited time delays avoided?

☐ Is the disconnecting means non-self-resetting?

☐ Have the fire alarm, electrical, elevator, and sprinkler contractors coordinated responsibilities?

☐ Have the applicable adopted codes and local amendments been confirmed?

More Elevator Fire Alarm Resources

Continue learning with these Fire Alarms Online resources:

Elevator Recall & Shunt Trip Explained

Elevator Recall & Shunt Trip Fundamentals

How to Wire Elevator Shunt Trip

Elevator Shunt Trip Wiring Diagram

Is a Heat Detector Required in the Elevator Pit?

Important: Fire alarm, elevator, sprinkler, building, and electrical requirements vary by adopted code edition and jurisdiction. Always verify the applicable project documents, equipment listings, local amendments, elevator authority requirements, and AHJ interpretation before construction or modification.